Learning: A Social Process

In this paper, I am going to explain what is learning? Whether it is really a social process or not? This essay will entail my arguments in either favor or against the title of the topic. I will give proclamations as to why I agree with the statement and why not? I will also put forward some arguments in an attempt of explaining the thesis statement. Relevant facts and figures will be given in the context. In order to explain the topic, certain related theories to the process of social learning will also be the subject of study.These theories will be discussed in the most appropriate context. I will discuss important points of the theories in an attempt to cover all the required aspects.

Learning is whenever someone tries to act and learn some knowledge, skill, value and behavior and an attempt modify it. It goes on while the people pass through different life stages from schooling to personal development to get education and training. All the activities and operations that are carried out by the individuals while interacting with one another come under the heading of social process. So, in social processes people interact and coordinate with one another and as a result of social process, they not only learn things but also establish relationships.

“To analyze the concept of learning as social process with respect to our interaction and communication with others in the context of theoriesand literature given by various scholars”

Whenever people interact with others they get into the process of learning so, while they are socializing, they are learning as well. This concept of learning as a social process is supported by many fields of study like anthropology, sociology and psychology. When people are getting their education in schools and colleges or are playing, socializing in parties, they are learning side by side. These setups are societies, communities, work organizations, work places and class room environments. A lot of studies and researches are done to support the idea of the topic. A study conducted by Linda et al in Standford University is also of the same view.

Based on interactions between individuals, it is stated that learning is a social process. The examples for these interactions can range from the relation of student with teacher to large research teams in industries. So social learning is a typical concept from what people learn individually. This concept is applied as a result of the studies done by Talcott in the field of sociology, Edmund Husserl in the field of philosophy and many others.Authors stated that learning a social process and not an individualistic process because people learn better in groups by interacting with others. That is why all learning institutions like schools and colleges make these groups and interactions of students with their colleagues and teachers. This is why students, are not asked to read and learn at home individually but to become the part of these interactive groups. If the learning would have been possible individually then institutions would have used these processes or the people would not have chosen to go either toschools or to work places. This concept of learning as a social process has been put forward by many researchers and writers.

In addition to it, Vygotsky’s Theories of learning also supports the idea of collaborative learning and communication. He further explained his verdict with the help of teachers and students behavior in the process of learning.Teachers communicate his/her message with the help of directed conversation while students express their views with the help of language. Language aids them to be intentional rather than impulsive in their attitude to compositeglitches.When the teacher associates his/her instructional program by interests and experiences of students then will be more involved with the application of ideas thus, accelerated their learning process. Consequently, knowledge is constructed on the base ofinteraction & communication and it can be shaped with our capabilities and core competencies which are exhibited in our dealings. These core competencies become part of our culture and language is the major element of cultural activities, rational and thinking like reading and writing (Tharp, 2000).

According to social learning theories, models are important sources for learning new behaviors and for achieving behavioral change in existing settings. Julian rotter constructed many theories based on psychosis, behaviorism and developed learning theory while Albert bandura expanded the rotter’s ideas. Albert bandura which proposed a theory that observation can occur in relation to three models; live model (In which an actual person is representing the desired behavior), verbal instruction (In which an individual describes the desired behavior in detail and instructions about how to engage in that behavior) and symbolic (In which means of the media including movies, televisions, radio, internet etc. are used. This type of modeling involves real character demonstrating the behavior).Furthermore, Bandura also proposed that this process involves several steps that are attention, retention, reproductionand motivation (Bandura, 1973).

Albert presented his theory in 1977, according to which learning is to be done with the interactions of environment. This process deals with observational learning which means that when people live in an environment and interacts with it in different ways then automatically learning habit develops. Imitation of models is the common behavior among people of all age groups whether adults or children. Children usually seek more from their surrounding like by watching TV, from parents and also interacting from other people around them. It means behavior automatically changes as the environment changes moreover; it is also clear from this concept that learning is a social process (Bandura, 1977).

·         Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press.

·         Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall

   Tharp, R. G., Estrada, P., Dalton, S., & Yamauchi, A. (2000). Teaching transformed: Achieving excellence, fairness, inclusion, and harmony. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Argument on advertising ethics

The ethic is a very important feature in the advertisement industry. It is a set of principles which administer the ways of communication taking place between the consumers and the sellers. An ethical advertisement is the one which conveys complete facts without the use of any lie or false statements. 

Galbraith argument

            His argument shaped the thoughts of many people he had argued that the people treat the ads as a weapon directed at the people who are helpless to resist. He had said, “a direct link between the production and the wants is provided by the modern advertiser.” His argument only makes sense if the whole mankind is the matter of motivation provoking automatic response.  Galbraith believed that the people after viewing the advertisements are unable to resist and would go for buying the product whether it is beneficial for them or not. He argues the theory of the production as the creator of the wants. Galbraith says that the wants are dependent on. But it can be true as people wants are dependent upon the knowledge of the products.

Hayek argues

            F. A von Hayek says that advertising respects consumer sovereignty. It is the economic principle by which the customer decides the production of the goods. This means if there are more consumers in the market for a certain product the more its sales will be and it means the more is the product desirable. The company will advertise the product in the market so that people will know that the product is available and they will start buying it. (Machan, Chesher, 2002)

Reference: 

1. R. Machan, Tibor &  E. Chesher, James (2002). A Primer on Business Ethics. Rowman & Littlefield

Business ethics; Principles & Benefits

Seven principles of splendid business ethics

There are seven principles through which a brand can have long term success. They are

·         Be trustful

It is a natural thing that the big and recognized customers like to do the business with the trusted company. So if anyone wants to achieve their goals they must develop a trust among their customers. In this way their business will be increased a lot.

·         Keep an open mind

The owner of the company must be open minded if he wanted to grow his company. He should seek new ideas and should take feedbacks from his customers and his employees so that he may develop new and better things in future.

·         Meet obligations

If any company wants to develop trust among their customers then it should meet their obligations and should meet their complains. Even if the company is right and the customer is wrong, it should listen to the customer’s complaint and try their best to resolve it.

·         Have clear documents

The company should make it sure that all his advertisements are concise and helpful for the customers. They should not be misprint or misinterpret. They should be easily read by the customers so customers will be attracted to their products. Clear cut information should be given to the customers.

·         Become community involved

It should remain involved in the community activities. To display their company as a responsible contributor, it should bring the products which are suitable for their activities.

·         Maintain accounting control

It should take complete control of accounts and other financial things. Not a single question should be raised against them. This is the best way to increase their reputation.

·         Be respectful

The company should meet others with extreme respect. It should know how to give respect to others and especially their customers. It should meet everyone in a professional manner. (Machan, 1999)

Advertising and Ethics

            Advertising is the best way of doing business and it is a form of promotion. Advertising is like an application. The company asks their customers to take an interest in their products. They hope that their product meets the people’s demands completely. In advertisements the complete truth is not revealed. They did not tell whole things about their products. Most of the companies just tell the attracting things about their products and their effects are not mentioned. In these cases to gain knowledge about the product is only the buyer’s responsibility.

            Advertising is not mainly for transmitting the whole story about the product but it is only for calling the attention of the customers to that particular thing. As there are many misconceptions shown in the advertisement so the person’s common sense is tested here. It is now very common that the goal of advertisements is not to convey the complete and total information about the manufactured goods. Only the good qualities are mentioned in the ads while it  is left  up to the person  to search  for  its  faults. Some ads like make-up and cosmetics does not tell the whole truth they neither lie but the complete truth is also missing in the ad. This makes the ad give a positive effect on the consumers and highlight the advantages of the product.

            If companies will tell complete information about their goods to the customers then it will have the positive impact of the advertisements. This will create more desire among their customers and they will know that this company is trusted, this will not give us any wrong product. If this trend will be adopted then definitely the advertisements will create desire among the consumers. Although this will decrease their sale at once but ultimately they will be benefited in the future. In this way the trust is developed and the consumers then take only that product which is reliable and of which they know everything.

Benefits of Advertising

            Advertisements are proving to be very beneficial for both customers and the company. It creates desire among the customers through which they buy that good. In this way, the benefit goes to the company as their product is sold. In other manner, the customers are acknowledged with the new goods and promotional offers through advertisements.

            There are many other benefits of advertisement too. Due to an advertisement we enjoy the cable TV in low cost. We don’t have to pay much for it as the cable operators or the channel operators get their operational cost from these advertisements and we benefit from lower cost network TV. 

Advertising Ethics

Advertising is a form of communication for marketing. It is used to encourage and motivate the people to attract them to that particular thing. Advertising is the best way to persuade people to use that thing. It can change minds of the people and people can have both positive and negative changes. As advertising is now used in every type of business so its use has been vast. Many things are used for advertisement like radio, posters, television, social sites and other things. Commercial advertisers market their products by branding. Advertisements are a form of promotion of the products through electronic and print media. It is the non personal communication of information which is persuasive in nature about some products.

Ethics in advertising

            There are several things which are brought into consideration when we talk about ethics in advertising and promotion. The content of the advertisement is the main issue in ethics. Sometimes the content is not ethical like in the 1940s an d1950 tobacco was advertised as a  symbol of health. This is now finished but now many other things that are immoral and illegal are shown in the advertisements.

            Another issue that is most discussed in advertisement is deceptive advertisement. According to the study conducted by Hassib Shabbir and Des Thwaites 73.5% ads were deceptive and they were using deceptive marketing practices. That’s why we should also conduct our own research before buying any product as the marketing is not reliable and they often mislead us. The ethic is a very important feature in the advertisement industry. It is a set of principles which administer the ways of communication taking place between the consumers and the sellers. An ethical advertisement is the one which conveys complete facts without the use of any lie or false statements. They should be present in a state of simplicity and decency. Ethical advertisements also depend upon the beliefs of the people if the peoples' beliefs are in accordance with the ads than the advertisement is said to be ethical and presents a positive result. Ethics should be presented in the advertisement, this makes an ad effective. (MSG)

Unethical pricing tactics

            There are many ways of pricing a product and many companies use unethical ways of pricing. These ways of pricing practices are variable pricing, bid rigging, dumping, price fixing, price war, price skimming, predatory pricing and price discrimination.

Change is necessary

The changes in the eating habits and food cultivation are necessary for human survival. Different researches have said that the food and eating habits are necessary for the mankind to survive in this world. These items of food and its cultivation must be changed after a certain time period.

Hypothesis

            The world is moving forward and the number of people is also growing. Due to this advancement many changes have been made in the life style of human beings. Most of the people are now getting health conscious and the cultivation of food are also developed to meet the demands of the growing population. Therefore a hypothesis can be made that “if the changes in the eating habits are necessary for the survival it must be significant and of a great need for the continued existence of the human race.”

Thesis statement

            The changes in human eating habits are of significance and a great need for the survival of the human beings.

Abstract

            In this paper it is stated that the changes in the human eating habits and food cultivation have a significant and major effect on the existence of the human race.  It is the fact that we are moving forward in the world and now it has been the demand of this era to change ourselves according to this advancement. The diet plan of people should vary according to the environments to remain fit. Healthy eating habits must be promoted. Peoples are totally dependent on food and if they will have the healthy food then definitely they will remain fit. Physical exercises also play a major role to keep a person fit.  Food is the fuel of the people and if this fuel will be in better condition than the person will also be in better condition. For this we must bring changes in our eating behavior.

            Another issue of this time is the growing population. The cultivation should also be increased so that everyone in this world will have sufficient food for him. It is now observed that in this era of globalization, many people even today can’t have their food properly. They do not have sufficient food for them. The government should also pay attention to this issue and it should increase the cultivation are so that more food can be grown which meets the requirement of the people. This paper emphasizes upon the fact that both the food production and cultivation must be increased to meet the demands of the increasing population.

Conclusion

            It is concluded that in this paper we have given the solution of the problems regarding the cultivation of food. The changing in the eating behavior and the cultivation of food holds great significance in our paper. Healthy food really influences as humans are dependent so much on food so in their lives.  If one wants to keep themselves fit then they have to eat healthy food. The government should also pay attention to the cultivation and should also concentrate to increase the cultivation as the number of people is growing day by day.   Overall in this paper it has been emphasized that the eating habits and the food cultivation must be changed according to the needs of the people to promote a healthy lifestyle.

Mozart

Classical music that is based upon the western traditions is one of the  most popular type of music and it is also heard by many people. It is found that classical music was started in the nearly 11th century but its main practice period was between 1550 to 1900. But still it is heard as it is also based upon the secular trend.

            I think that the people of 18^th century liked to hear this as at that time there was no other famous type of singing, while on the other hand the classical music is the symbolization of the traditions of that time. Therefore, people enjoyed hearing this type of songs. Modern listeners also enjoy to hear classical singing when they wanted to relax as it is very charming and one feels too much relaxed after hearing classical songs. Classical songs hold its own significance and it is still considered as a quality music. 

            Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a productive and dominant composer of the era of classical singing. He started composing at the age of five years and showed his great talent from the beginning of his career. He continued to struggle hard from its childhood and his talent and hard work was proved when he had composed more than 600 works. Early success was a great hint to the world that a great and talented person is coming soon to the world.The idea of a child star is appealing as they produce the art in a natural way, the early success impacts that the world realizes the value and talent of the person. Mozart was a real genius and talented person from its childhood and classical music got such a composer which has composed different symphonies, concertos and operas. He has composed for the future generations too and he was a figure between the classical and romantic eras. 

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by J.K. Rowling

Harry potter is a heroic character in the series of the fantasy novels of J.K Rowling. The first book named ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone’ highlights the starting of a series which is based upon the story of a daring and brave boy named Harry. The books accounts the adventures of a wizard, Harry Potter and his friends Ronald and Hermione, all of whom are the learners at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story concerns the Harry's expedition to conquer the Darkest wizard of their times the Lord Voldemort, whose ambitions are to be converted into immortal, defeat the wizarding world, overpower the non-magical people, and demolish all those who are in his way, particularly Harry Potter. 

From the starting of Rowling’s novel the youthful character, Harry Potter, is recognized as a hero by his Professor McGonagall.  As the novel persists, Harry go aboard on a magnificent journey to discover his true identity, helping other people, becoming a champion and a leading character. Harry have formed a heroic image in the whole novel.

Act One (1) Ordinary World - Like every hero, Harry’s expedition also begins from an ordinary world. For Harry, his everyday world is living in a small cupboard under the stairs of his aunt’s house. Harry for the ten years of his life has been under the attack at the Dursley’s. He was never given any importance in that house.  

(2) Call To Adventure - The journey prolongs once unsuspectingly acknowledged into Hogwarts School and Harry collects his call to the adventure. The invitation was received through owls and finally from Hagrid. Hagrid is the game keeper as well as the keeper of the grounds of the school. The Dursley’s have tried to stop these invitations but Hagrid had burst into their house and told Harry that he is a wizard and is accepted in the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.

 (3) Reluctant – Harry seems very reluctant towards his new identity. Feeling inadequate and insufficient, the young hero gets it hard to seize the concept that he is actually a wizard. Ultimately, Harry perceives his fresh and innovative reality and the journey begins. Harry had visited with Hagrid to buy his books of the Wizarding School. Harry finds comfort at the school as he meets his new best friends Ron and Hermione.

(4) Wise Old Person – Professor Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore is the headmaster of the Wizarding School. Harry finds him the most trusted person. He helped him to fight in all the stages of his adventures. Professor always tell him about the things which were new to him. 

Act Two (5) Special World – Harry finds his special and wizarding world very adventures.  Very first of all Harry was intrigued by the way of entering into the school and to be seated in the train by passing through the pillar. After arriving at the school the Sorting Hat ceremony amazed Harry and sorted him in the house Gryffindor as per his will. 

Harry soon gets involved in all the activities of the school. He also takes part in the Quidditch team of his house Gryffindor. This game is played on the broomsticks in the open air. The teachers of the school are also involved with Harry some have a very polite behavior towards him while some were having impolite behavior. Harry had lessons from the best teachers of the school like Professor Snape, Professor McGonagall, and Professor Quirell. The lessons with professor Snape were always terrible for Harry as something always went wrong in his class. Harry also finds out about the invisibility cloak which was once owned by his father. With the help of this cloak he was able to experience all the adventures with his friends. He had gotten to the restricted area of the library where he has first come across the mirror of erased in which he had seen his parents. The mystery got started at the news of theft at the Gringotts, the bank of the wizards. He gets into the Forbidden Forest where all the actual adventure took place.

(6) Tests, Allies & Enemies - As Harry’s journey persists he finds different allies and come across enemies, like the Malfoys. Malfoy wants to beat Harry in every step of his school life.  His strength, bravery, courage, devotion and loyalty are all tested in this mystery and adventure. 

(7) Innermost Cave – Harry also came across the Mirror of Erised. It was when he entered the forbidden forest to find out about the mystery of the Stone. He had suspected that Snape was the one who wanted to kill him in the Quidditch match but he finds professor Quirell in the inner most cave after going through a series of obstacles. The professor confirmed that he was the one who wanted to kill harry and he is the one whom the Dark lord Voldemort has possessed.  Mirror of Erised is the mirror, which shows the things, which the person has most longed for; but professor Quirrell could see no sign of the Sorcerer’s stone.

 (8) Supreme Ordeal-At Voldemort's request, Quirrell forces Harry to position in face of the Mirror. Harry felt that the Stone drop into his pocket and tries to stall. Quirrell take away his turban, illuminating the face of the Dark Lord on the back of the professor’s head. Harry finds himself to have gotten the stone after passing through Fluffy, than the shess game and finally the mirror. Voldemort or one can say Quirrell made an attempt to grab the Stone from Harry. However merely touching Harry the professor felt that his flesh is caused to burn

 (9) Seizing the Sword - With the power of love and care, Harry once gain defeated the dark Lord and the worst enemy of muggles and the muggle loving wizards and saves the sorcerer’s stone, thus seizing the prize. 

 Act Three (10) The Road Back – At the end when harry was all time suspecting that Professor Snape was the one behind all the mis-happenings found out that it was Lord Voldemort and Professor Quirrell behind all that.

(11) Resurrection – After going through all this i.e. facing the Voldemort and fighting with professor Quirell, Harry was all exhausted and when he awake finds himself in the hospital where professor Dumbledore informed him about his victory over the Dark Lord.

 (12) Return with Elixir – The boy who lived has once again defeated the Dark Lord with his mother’s love that had existed with him since the day his parents die for him.

            Harry thus returned with the stone as he had seen the stone in mirror because he just wanted to find it not to use it to become immortal. 

Shakespeare Sonnet 116

Shakespeare’s sonnet 116 is the most popular and a typical form of the Shakespearean sonnet. It is loved by many people because of its subject. In fact, it has been featured in several wedding ceremonies worldwide. The theme of this sonnet is love and marriage, the poet present love as eternal and everlasting.

            The poet begins that he should not come in the way of true love. True love never changes for any cause. Love is believed to be stable, through any complexities. In the sixth line, a naval allusion is made; referring that love is a lot like the North Star to the sailors. Love must not weaken with time but the true love is that which lasts forever.   

            This sonnet is a typical example of the Shakespearean sonnet as it consists of the characteristic three quatrains and a couplet. In the quatrain 1, the poet begins its sonnet by saying that marriage is the bond between two true minded people. The love is always true, constant and steady. It does not change with the change in personality of the loved ones or of the variations in the different situations of life. Love is perfect and unchanging it remains continuous and unchangeable. It does not even bend in complex situations like when the loved one becomes unfaithful and disloyal; it is always firm like it was before. Love is not love if it changes according to the situation; true love is that which remains firm and steady in all the circumstances.

The second quatrain is made impressive by the use of different symbols. The poet describes love that it is just like a lighthouse. Love is not vulnerable to the storms; it is never shaken or weakens by any changes. Love is not disturbed by any changes just like the light house is fixed after so much variation in the weather. The metaphor of a guiding star is used to explain the eternal love just like the stars are to the sailors of the lost ships. Love is not changeable; it’s just like a star, inaccessible, steady and self-contained. The value of love can never be measured or calculated; it’s worth and significance is infinite.

In the third quatrain, once again Shakespeare’s idea of love is enlightened that it is not at the mercy of time. It’s not at all like the beauty which fades with the passage of time but love is a feeling, a passion that does not change with hours and weeks. It remains constant and same in all the situations. Physical beauty may vanish with the growing age but love endures until the last day of life. The last two lines of this quatrain is the central point of this sonnet that love is everlasting and it does not change with the alteration in the time or the circumstances. Love is eternal and perpetual.

In the end, the couplet provides a dramatic, impressive and quite bold concluding statement. The poet attests that certainty love is like what he says because if his declaration can be proven to be wrong, then he says that if his idea of love is not correct then he will never have written these lines and no man will love this sonnet. But as we can see it now, Shakespeare’s Sonnet 116 is loved all over the world which is the confirmation that his ideas on love are accurate i.e. love is eternal. It is an everlasting emotion that does not change with the passage of time.

The Shakespeare’s view of love is true as love can never be changed or weakened, it’s the refreshing part of the life that a person always hold and never let it off. It can be seen in practical life that the two people who love each other always wants to remain together and cherish the moments spent together. The love between the two never weakens. Instead, by passing time love grows stronger. Love is eternal and can bee seen in any two friends, between parents and children or in any loving husband and wife. It’s the bond and a connection of two minds.

Education in Class Room

There are many elements involved to create a rich literacy environment in a class. Although we cannot make the elements finite as the more we improve our standard the richer will be our environment in literacy. Some common things which must be an necessary element to make a rich literacy environment is that the class rooms should have the basic facilities like black or white boards, notice board, proper furniture, Computer and other science labs, libraries, writing centers, a place where student and teacher can interact freely etc.

One of the best methods to create a literary environment is the multimodal learning environment. Usually the multimodal environment is aggregated into two factors that are verbal environment and non verbal environment. But when these two factors are combined than the best environment is created that allows a student to learn in the best way (Moreno & Mayer, 2007).

            A student should be provided with complete facilities at schools so that he may enjoy his study. The children should not be forced to take education but we should provide them such facilities that they should opt to go for taking education in their interests. This is only possible if we provide them complete necessities. A psychologically sound class room should give the time to students in which they can ask the questions independently and they should be encouraged to take part in discussions. Teachers should give them an opportunity to do analytical talking and storytelling and shared reading should also be a part of best class room. Teachers hold a great responsibility in this regard as they are dominant in classes and students have to obey them. A well-developed class room would have all the facilities available to the children which will enhance their learning process.

References

Moreno, Roxana & Mayer, Richard (2007) Interactive Multimodal Learning Environments. Educational Psychology Review. Retrieved from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10648-007-9047-2

Philosophy of Existence

            Walker (1828) in his speech of the Necessity of a General Union among us states that there is a very strong need to unite the colored population of America. Due to the disunity among them many people are degraded as they alone are not in power or have power over the others. An example is also given that a colored slave has not even a right to read or learn a book of his choice. His master beat him so forcefully almost to the death that he should not learn anything. The existence of the colored people seems to be like nowhere. They are not given their own identity and recognition. It is first the duty of the colored people to strive and struggle for their identity and essentially to make it possible to remove the discrimination among white men and colored. If the colored men become united they will ultimately achieve their goal, it will take some time but if united they will be strong and could face any power even the white men.

            W. Stewart (1832) as his speech title is that why should we just sit here and die?, signifies the need of struggle and the vital component of the existence to fight back for the identification of their own self. She has also used a phrase that although their skin is black but their souls are white and they also have pure hearts. The girls if are white are respected and are treated in respectfully. The black people also desires for respect and responsibility above the level of servants and drudges. The white people have identified themselves but the black should also strive for their existence. If Black people unites and have a faith to struggle collectively for their independence then definitely the will be succeeded and it is better to die after doing something. So they should not fear of their lives and remain determined and committed to get independence and equal rights as other people have.

Highland Garnet (1865) in his speech of an address to the slaves had said that we often say that this slavery is due to English people and England but it should be noticed that when the Black people will start doing struggle to get freedom then they will get freed very soon. Mostly, we blame others for slavery but it is also a fact that black people themselves think that they are inferior to others. If they will start doing their struggle and if they will choose their leader who raise their voice to protect their rights than that era is not far when they will also get liberty and they will be able to lead a happy and independent life. From now it should be taken into notice that we have to do collective efforts to eradicate slavery and we should try our best to raise the voice of the Black people. Not only them but any cast or group of people which are living in a low stand should now take stand and elevate their rights.

Works Cited

·         Walker, David (19 Dec, 1828). The Necessity of a General union among us.

·         W. Stewart, Maria (21 Sep, 1832). Why Sit Ye Here and Die?

·         Highland Garnet, Henry (12 Feb, 1865). An Address to the Slaves of the United States of America.