Queen Elizabeth

Queen Elizabeth was one of the best rulers of England and she was the most known and best admired English monarch, according to the survey that was conducted by the BBC through its television in 2002. Different people had given various opinions to illustrate their choice. They said that she was a brave woman and inspired many other women to act like her in the man’s world. She had done many acts in her rule which tells us that great leadership qualities were present in her. It has been said that in her governance the country flourished a lot. (Doran, 2003) In her reign the government was subdivided into national, district and community bodies, the court system and regional bodies like the monarch, Parliament, Privy, the Council of the North and of the Marches.

            During the era of Queen Elizabeth l, religious factors were much more active and many conflicts were happening among different religious groups. She had passed the Act of supremacy in her first session of the parliament due to which the Church of England was reestablished and Act of uniformity was also created.  She took a moderate approach to diverse religious conflicts. She had created unity among them and asked all the religious groups to understand the common principle that Jesus Christ is only one and other conflicts and disputes are over trifles. (Biography)

            Elizabeth also holds good relations with other countries and especially the Barbarian states to strengthen England’s economy. She established a trading relationship with Morocco in spite the resistance from Spain. This thing tells us that she was a true patriotic woman and has taken all the steps which were in the significance of her nation and her country. She also established a diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire. In her era for the first time a treaty of commerce was marked in 1580. Numerous delegations and envoys were exchanged between the countries. Elizabeth also discussed joint military operations during the war against Spain with Sultan III. (Vaughan, 2005)

            Queen Elizabeth was also a woman which has promoted her culture and her traditions. This act was expressed by many famous literary writers like Shakespeare and her Excellency was also accepted by the great explorers like Drake and Raleigh by demanding to expand the England’s territory overseas. She was a different kind of queen as she was clever and also knows how to use feminine tricks to make her own way. In her time, culture of England was boosting and it influenced many people. She compensated the writers to attract them to write and she has inspired artistic works and cultural works.  (Briscoe, 2011)

      Elizabeth had established the English Church that helped in the shaping of the national identity and distinctiveness. Although she was defensive in the country’s foreign policy but her supremacy raised the England's rank abroad. Elizabeth had faith and trust in God, and wishes for the success of her rule. She had started her ruling over the country with good counseling, thus succeeded her governance as ideal.   

Works Cited

1.      Doran, Susan (2003). Elizabeth I: Gender, Power and Politics. History Today. <http://www.historytoday.com/susan-doran/elizabeth-i-gender-power-and-politics>

2.      Queen Elizabeth 1. Biography. < http://www.biography.com/people/queen-elizabeth-i-9286133?page=1>

3.      Vaughan, Virginia Mason (2005). Performing Blackness on English Stages, 1500-1800. Cambridge University Press

4.      Briscoe, Alexandra (17 Feb, 2011). Elizabeth I: An Overview. BBC. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth_i_01.shtml>

Od South & Slavery

Old South also referred to as the Deep South is the lower part of America which mainly comprises of the states which were slavery oriented. Mostly the states were agricultural; they owned slaves for their plantations. All the economy was dependent on the plantations which depend upon the slavery institution. In these States slaves were used in the cotton fields.

 Black African was used as slaves. The slaves were determined to save their identity in the early periods of slavery. However as the time gradually changes their culture changed. The emergence of slaves in the States although changed their lifestyles as their economy went strong by this system. The different groups which makeup the old south were Alabama, Louisiana, Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas and the Gulf States. The people or the planters exhibit themselves as higher class due to the profits they earned from the slavery.

All the slavery oriented states now depend highly on this system, slave trade was also started. Slaves were brought from the Africa and they were used for small workings like working in the field or doing other small duties etc. Slavery institution was their major field by which their economy raised in the United States. (Pp.75-80)[1]

America was dynamically shaped after the period of 1800. Many communities came into view for their rights. They all were a part of forming a nation. Individualism community formed which see everything in the light of reality. Many inspired their ideals and wanted to become like them. They are inspired by optimistic and others and are of the view that they will change and improve not only themselves but the society also. It is the moral value of an individual. (Pp.353)[2]

Communalism seeks stability in a society. They are of the view to form independent cooperation with the government; they do not oppose them but work independently with the federal. (Pp.358)[3] 

Abolitionism was arisen to end the slavery system of the U.S. They regarded slavery as a major sin and were determined to end this system. Many were opposed to this decision or this group of people as whole of the economy of South depends upon it. Many movements were held to abolish the slavery institution. Only minority were sided with the North that slavery should be ended as they should also be given social value. In civil war they were victorious to stop the expansion of the slavery. (Pp.367)[4]

Women’s Rights movements were also started; they all wanted equality with men, all were demanding social and political status equal to the men. They held teaching positions and wanted to improve the system of care and health of the women in jail and hospitals. Programs and movements were held to maintain the equal status of women with men in every phase of life. Women’s rights meetings were held to tell the people that they will not be silent if they will not be given social status. 

---

[1] Henretta, James A. and Brody, David. America: A Concise History, Volume I: To 1877. 4th

ed., Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, Pp.75-80

[2] Pp.353

[3] Pp.358

[4] Pp.367

Politics in Global Climate

Many political leaders are now worried about the effects of global climate change. It is all because the predictions made are occurring. As per the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) the likelihood of the sea rising is to the extent that 1 meter can occur before the century ends. As one of the chief world economy and largest producer of greenhouse gases, the United States have got to play a guidance responsibility in dealing with the global challenge. The current administration has started some policies and programs but they are still falling short of what is desired to address the devastating cost of climate change. A citizen for Global Solutions is devoted to pushing the U.S. Congress and Government to hold up and lead the international attempt to face up the challenge of climate change. (Globalsolutions.org)

The politics are also involved in this issue. The developed countries blame the under developed and progressing countries for the climate change. They accuse them and tell the reason that they are not taking appropriate steps to control the global warming. In this manner they put on pressure on the underdeveloped countries but this is the international issue and we should not involve politics in this issue. We all should try our best in a collective way so that we can get rid of the global warming easily. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to review the scientific facts and information on global warming. The IPCC said it in 1990 that there was wide global agreement that climate change was human induced. Those details led technique to a global conference for climate change, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), approved by more than 150 countries at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. (Global Issues)

Global climate change is not any one’s individual or even national issues. It has so many effects that it had now become the global issue. It is now one of the most critical issues that are rising day by day. The nation which is responsible for the change in climate will not only be affected that’s why this has become the international issue. If the climate of the world will be changed then it will have many change many other things too.

Responsible for climate change

There are many reasons for global climate change. Not a single one can be blamed. All of the people living on earth are responsible. Although it is fact that some countries are more responsible for the change in climate and some have taken many appropriate steps to reduce the global warming which is a major cause for the change in climate. The modern techniques are we think that they are very helpful and useful in our lives are also damaging the environment of the earth which results in a climate change. The electronic devices and the exceptional use of rays are also one of the reasons and they are also responsible for the change in climate.

The change in climate is also due to the increase in population. This increase does not directly cause the climate but due to this increase the industries are also growing. Many other things that are damaging the environment are also increasing day by day with the increase of the population. All these things are held responsible but we can't take any action against them as they are now the need of everyone. I think it is the international issue. Due to the climate change very huge things are changing and it is affecting the human life. The major thing that is involved in the change in the global climate is warming. Due to global warming the ozone layer which protects the earth from the radioactive rays of the sun is also reducing. This will have many noticeable effects. (EPA)

References

About Climate Change, Global Solutions.org, retrieved from, http://globalsolutions.org/united-nations/climate-change

Climate Change and Global Warming, Global Issues, retrieved from, http://www.globalissues.org/issue/178/climate-change-and-global-warming

Introduction to Global Issues, EPA, retrieved from, http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/international.html

Global climate Change

Global climate change is an instantaneous and significant issue that ought to be addressed by all inhabitants multilaterally. Climate change is a lasting change in the distribution of weather patterns over a time period varying from decades to a million of years. It may be a modification in average weather situations, or in the allocation of weather. Global climate change is originated by factors such as oceanic processes, plate tectonics, variations in the solar radiation, volcanic explosions and human provoked alterations of the natural world.

It is very important to get to know about the global climatic change. The world must be aware of the problems it can cause.  Today the world is facing issues related to global change. It is a major threat to human beings. The leaders all around the world have been in constant discussions and debate.  These conferences are held so as to minimize its effect on the earth.  Noteworthy changes in the temperature are a part of the outcome of global change. It is hence probable that the weather will increase day by day. The weather will constantly become warmer due to this global change. This increase may threaten the Antarctic ice to melt and flow directly into the oceans which will raise the sea levels.

It must be understood that the global climatic change is at a critical and serious level, if it is not controlled or if we would not do anything worthy for this change than it can be said that a global catastrophe is unavoidable. It can be easily observed that now frequent typhoon, cyclones, storms and freak weather circumstances are already being felt in different areas of the world. This will persist to demolish the lives and destroy the homes and living. If people will not take care and control the climatic situations by decreasing the use of such gases, which increases the global warming than eventually the world, will face a huge threat. Thus, it is very important for people to be aware of the global change so that such activities must be adapted which will ensure that the climatic conditions of earth gets better. Now it is the duty of every citizen to take care of the earth and stop using such materials, which will increase global warming. (Ernest, 2011)

There are many possible effects of the climatic change. All the possible predictions of global climate change are observed to be negative. This change has up till now not shown any positive effects. The effects of climate include rising of temperature and sea-levels, reduction of glaciers, changes in variability and distribution of animals and plants, changing precipitation patterns, and more intense heat waves are likely to deteriorate if the nations do not decrease their greenhouse gases. The global challenge of climatic change represents both security and a financial threat to the world. Regular heat waves are also observed, which in combination with the hot temperatures affect the human health. Some other drastic effects caused by global change of climate are the rising of temperatures of large lakes, heavier rainfall that causes flooding and extreme drought conditions. (NASA) Crops are being withered which also a serious effect is caused by global warming. This results in low productivity, which will ultimately result in food shortage. Agriculture is expected to be susceptible to global warming. (Richard et al., 1990) The ecosystems are constantly changing. Seawater is becoming more and more acidic which threatens the marine life. (Sharon & Karen, 2002)

References

Prof Ernest Zebrowski, Jr. (2011), Global Climate Change, Charlesbridge Publishing

The current and future consequences of global change, NASA, retrieved from, http://climate.nasa.gov/effects

Richard M. Adams, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Robert M. Peart, Joe T. Ritchie, Bruce A. Mccarl, J. David Glyer, R. Bruce Curry, James w. Jones, Kenneth J. Boote & L. Hartwell Allen Jr. (1990), Global Climate Change and US Agriculture

Sharon L. Spray, Karen Karen Leah McGlothlin (2002), Global Climate Change, Rowman & Littlefield 

International Business Law

Many issues may arise when conducting business between the two foreign countries. These issues arise due to the difference between the array of the rules and regulations. We take Brazil and Thailand as the two countries just for the example to understand the whole rules and regulations pertaining to the settlement of disputes.

According to the Brazilian business laws and regulation they do discussions in the privileged context as compared to the other countries like United States who do their business in the lower context. Brazilian law is trying to squeeze administrative lengths in the negotiating process. Due to the globalization-taking place all over the world, commercial business is facing many obstacles from transactions and other factors.  If fault comes in the transaction, then it is a long run to find who is responsible for the fault.

As for the Thai law, the negotiations are still done in high fashioned context where the deals are not based upon the essentials of a transaction and they not define the terms and condition properly when they are signing a contract. Overall, the negotiations must be handled properly, especially the contracts, which are signed for commercial scale. The international rules must also be taken into consideration to avoid any type of circumstances afterwards. Below are the few things, which should be taken into consideration while having the contract.

·         To set the realistic goal.

·         To avoid aggressive behavior.

·         Carefully understands what the other party wants or what they want to give.

·         The parties must be given respect and laws should be clearly defined to each other.

·         To tell the other party that if they can’t meet their demands, then we have the other alternative options too.

·         Invest time and money through a process and this process will take time and have efforts from both sides if it is being done outside the court.

           

Wii; case study

            I will be conducting a case study on the Nintendo Wii, we have carried out a SWOT analysis which will highlight its pros and cons. Nintendo released a Wii for the first time in 2006. It means that we have examined its potency weak points, opportunities, and threats for the Wii. 

Strengths:

The strengths of Wii are the its unique feature, no similar product can be found until its release. Development of movement sensing controls is the first time production. It is a game that appeals to people of all age groups.  It has a prestige of Nintendo i.e. brand loyalty.  It has lowest price compared to other console. Its biggest strength is that within a year it has outsold play station 3 to 1.  It has a very high demand all over the world. It is a social activity as many players can take part in it. It includes physical activity of a person which is a plus point as every one is becoming lazy in this era. This is the most valuable device to the people. As today most of the people lack of exercise and they choose to stay at home so this is the best thing as a  person can enjoy his spear time and on the other side his health will also be improved.(James)

Weaknesses:

The weaknesses of Nintendo Wii can be marked as its joystick accountability, It has a very inadequate choice of software, it trails in an online conflict. It has a weakest graphic card in the entire group, No HD is available. Its graphics of lower. It can alos be connected only to television. Most of the games which are available on Wii are of low quality. As per the standards of the childrens today, this device does not maintains the standard. It is of very low quality. People more choose other gadgets of other companies instead of this. Its weaknesses are normally came into view when compared to PS3 and Xbox. (Shea)

Opportunities:

There are many opportunities for the Nintendo Wii, it has a distinct third party support. It has an enhanced online system as compared to other consoles. The main opportunities lies in the arrival of many new large and small segments. Participants are getting older and the younger generation. Taking for example, the typical age of players in the U.S is  35 years old. As already revealed the Nintendo Wii gives the commerce and trade access to many generations of gamers, regardless of their class, cultures and revenues. The gaming trade now agitates far more money than the movie industry.

Gaming is now available online. Today 500 million people are able to access the internet facility. That makes 500 million players prepared to buy Nintendo products. So the products  which are Wi-Fi & Internet enabled are going to be trendy and popular. Nintendo is in this position has a competitively situated offering. (Rob, 2012)

Threats:

The Threats to Nintendo Wii can be summarized as, its price can be dropped down from  competition. The real danger to Nintendo and  Wii is not Sony, it is the  Microsoft and the  Kinect. Kinect is more easy to use than the Wii. It brings a person’s whole body into an electronic activity and leisure experience in a way that has never presented earlier than this. (Schiesel, 2010) 

Works Cited

1.      James, Brandon. Strenghts of the Wii. eHow. <http://www.ehow.com/list_7546237_strengths-wii.html>

2.      Lisa Shea. Nintendo Wii Graphic Quality. Bella Online. < http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art38831.asp>

3.      Rob (27 Nov, 2012). Some bet on Wii U failure, others see golden opportunity. Wii U daily. < http://wiiudaily.com/2012/11/some-bet-on-wii-u-failure-others-see-golden-opportunity/>

4.      Schiesel, Seth (2 Dec, 2010). A Real Threat Now Faces the Nintendo Wii. The New York times<http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/03/technology/personaltech/03KINECT.html?_r=0> 

Graphene

Graphene is made up of pure carbon and it is only one atom thick.  It is very light material and strongest and best conductor too. It is only weighing 77 milligram of 1 square meter sheet. In 1962, Hanns Peter Boehm describes the single layer carbon foils.  The term Graphene is combination of graphite and suffix-ene. The atoms are densely packed in a honey comb crystal lattice.  (PanARMENIAN.Net)

            After 2004, it is a matter for research. Every scientist is trying to find something new with this material as through this many applications could be made. It has potentially important applications in nanotechnology. Graphene is used in many devices such as mobile phones and bionic devices could also be made through Graphene. The beauty of Graphene is that it demonstrates the clear-cut basic laws and rules of the physics. Although very less time had been passed to research on this material but looking at the current advantages it seems that it will be the most useable and most beneficial matter for the devices. (Mikhail, 2012)

            Due to its high current density, ballistic transport, high thermal conductivity, optical transmittance, ballistic transport and super hydrophobicity at nanometer scale this Graphene material became the material which is most researched in the last 6-7 years. (Wonbong, Jo-won Lee, 2012)

Graphene is better than other materials because of the following reasons

·         It is only one atom thick that makes it mathematically 2 dimensional and one of the thinnest thing that ever has been made.

·         It is made of carbon structure called graphite.

·         It is easily stretched. It can expand up to 25% of its original length.

·         It’s the stiffest and the hardest material that is known to us. This material is even harder than diamond.

·         It is the thinnest material that we have ever got.

·         It is good to transfer electricity. Its current density is million times better than copper.

·         Graphene conducts best heat. It is reduced when it is heated up while it expands when cooled.

·         It is the most resistant material till now. (Anna, 2013)

Graphene in Electronic use

          Mobile were having keyboards and other buttons to operate it but now the electronic gadgets like iPad, Mobile phone and other electronic things have the touch screen to operate it. The main concept of this touch screen is that the layer that stores the electric charge should be placed on the panel of the screen. When user touches the screen it transfers some of the charge. Hence the charge of the screen decreases and this decrease is measured by sensors and then it responds to the processor.

            All these things are possible because they are having a thin layer of sheet which can hold charge. Most of the screen today has a thin layer of indium tin oxide. This material is so fragile.  This leads to thick and inflexible display. Graphene can also be printed on plastic instead of glass so they could be made flexible and lighter. This would make phone much lighter than before and it even can be folded. It will be as flexible as it could be easily slipped to the pocket. This would be unbreakable phones. (Michael, 2012) 

 The ability to manufacture high frequency transistors with graphene is probable as the electrons move extremely fast in Graphene as compare to that of silicon. (Understandingnano)

References

 UK to boost development of "super-material" grapheme, Retrieved from, http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/139601/

Anna Kurkijärvi (February 7, 2013), Hero material: 10 fascinating facts about graphene, Retrieved from, http://conversations.nokia.com/2013/02/07/hero-material-10-fascinating-facts-about-graphene/

Mikhail I. Katsnelson (2012), Graphene: Carbon in Two Dimensions, Cambridge University Press

Wonbong Choi, Jo-won Lee (2012), Graphene: Synthesis and Applications, CRC Press

 Michael Tinnesand (2012), Graphene: The Next Wonder Material?, Retrieved from, http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_MULTICOLUMN_T2_66&node_id=893&use_sec=false&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=b6e25e8a-d202-4e6e-b026-df3080001755

Graphene, It’s Uses and Applications, Retrieved from, http://www.understandingnano.com/graphene-applications.html

Medical Marijuana

Medical marijuana is the parts of the herb cannabis that is used as a doctor suggested form of medicine. It is used for the herbal therapy or herbal treatment of the different diseases. It has an extensive history of usage as a medicine. Cannabis is one of the 50 essential herbs of typical Chinese medicine.

 Medical marijuana refers to a part of an herb. It is used in many medicines to treat different diseases. Its history dates back to 2900 BC. It has been observed that since last 35-30 years the marijuana is evolved significantly. In 1972, the US Congress positioned marijuana in Schedule 1 i.e. of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) as they were considered to have no acknowledged medical use.

Supporters of medical marijuana argue that it can be a safer and efficient treatment for the diseases such as of cancer, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, pain, epilepsy AIDS, and other such conditions. They give proofs of the fact that since many ages marijuana has been used as a source of medicine to give relief to patients. They prove it with the help of different reports, studies and well known medical organizations. On the other side the opponents are of the view that it is very dangerous to use, it is also deficient of FDA approval, and that many other legal drugs make the use of marijuana needless They say that it is addictive, interferes with fertility, leads to harder drug use, injures the lungs, impairs driving ability, and damage the immune system and brain. They say that medical marijuana is a face for drug legalization and leisure use. (ProCon.org)

Its debate is over decades but here its evolution since 1980-2013 will be discussed. In 1980 the NCI, National Cancer Institute declared that marijuana use is safer than that of THC’s. In 1988 it was recommended by Drug enforcement administration (DEA) to move marijuana to Schedule 2 i.e. it can be used for treatment of certain diseases only when prescribed by the physicians. This was in a year taken back and marijuana was then again moved back to Schedule 1. In 1990 Cannabinoids receptors were discovered in the brain. In 1996 California becomes the first state to legalize the use of marijuana for treatment purpose. In 1997 still the debate was continued and NIH declared that there is more to study about the medicinal use of marijuana. In 1998 the Congress stops the execution of medical marijuana law passed in Washington DC. In the same year president asks the voters to reject the medical marijuana. 3 more states also legalized the use of marijuana. The UK house of Lords Science and Technology Committee recommends authorizing of its use. 

In the 21st century, in the year 2000, a total of 8 states had approved the use of medical marijuana. By 2004 DEA initiates the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to study and review the usage of marijuana for possible rescheduling. In 2006 marijuana candies were busted. FDA also confirmed the opposition to smoked marijuana for medical reasons. By 2008 it was approved that non smoked marijuana is good to use for medical purposes. In 2011 it was observed that the states where marijuana use is approved those states have reduced the number of fatal car accidents. In 2012 the government bans the marijuana dispensaries while till the end of the year 2012 a total of 18 states have legalized the use medical marijuana. As the 2013 year starts US petitions court denies medical marijuana reclassification. (ProCon.org)

The struggle for reform and medical marijuana still continues; currently marijuana advocates are working for its reform and fighting for marijuana laws. The U.S. National Institute of Health spends more than $1 million on medical research to examine the therapeutic effects of artificial chemicals that imitate the effects of smoked marijuana. (brainz)

Dangers of medical marijuana

            There are many dangers of medical marijuana. Some have been identified and recognized and many are still unknown. But it is for sure that it has many dangers. Although the science has made many advancements in the medical field but still many dangers are unknown or the science can’t give us proper definitions or details of the dangers. Some of the dangers are as discussed below:

Effect on immune system

            The most commonly used argument against marijuana is that if it is used in the normal routine to treat the medical disorders then it can accelerate the disorder. Smoking marijuana can affect a human by damaging the cells in the bronchial passages. It protects the body from the inhaled microorganisms. It also decreases the ability of the cells of the immune system to fight with fungi, bacteria and tumor cells. So it is concluded that the marijuana that is used to combat the diseases ultimately results in increasing that disease.

Respiratory illness

            The respiratory consequences of smoking marijuana regularly are pulmonary infections and respiratory cancer. It also has many other respiratory diseases too. It includes impairment in the function of the small air passage inflammation of the lungs, chronic bronchitis etc. It is as dangerous as a cigarette. It contains the same toxins and it also has the one which is the main factor in causing the lung cancer. It is observed in the US that 125000 deaths occur due to this smoke. It is also observed that in many deaths it is found that the patient was having lung, cavity and oral cancer due to marijuana.

Effects on mental health, brain function and memory

            Many people are used to having marijuana in routine but it is recognized that marijuana is at the root of many mental disorders. The mental disorder caused includes panic attacks, toxic psychosis, flashbacks, delusions, paranoia, depression, hallucinations, depersonalization and uncontrollable aggressiveness. Those who are connected with these illnesses should take care when taking medicines.

In the short term, marijuana causes memory, thinking, judgment and other things. All these short term diseases last for 6 weeks. (Cyberlaw)

            In 1999, IOM report was released that states that the biological effects of marijuana. According to it, marijuana damages many cognitive functions of the brain. It affects the immune system and reproductive system too.  There are 60 chemicals in marijuana that are known as cannabinoids. One of them which are known as THC is the most psychoactive compound. It affects the brain and the body by binding specific receptors on the cell surface of the neurons. In 1992 it was found that the natural compound was also bound by these receptors.

            The most consistent damage produced by this THC is short term memory loss. Marijuana fails to transmit information from short term memory to reside in the long term area. It also causes serious imbalance and improper coordination control of brain. With the intake of marijuana, cannabinoids weaken the immune system to fight against various infections. It has been observed that the cells which produce antibodies are not activated due to THC. This THC get in the way of normal activities of the brain which causes serious affects to persons. (Lowry, 1999)

Works Cited

1. Should marijuana be a medical option?. Procon.org. <http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/>
2. Historical Timeline: History of Marijuana as Medicine - 2900 BC to Present. proCon.org. <http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000143#1970>
3. 42.0 Milestones in the History of Marijuana.brainz.org.< http://brainz.org/420-milestones-history-marijuana/>
4. Health_Concerns: WHAT ARE THE MEDICAL DANGERS OF MARIJUANA USE?. Cyberlaw. <http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/evidence99/marijuana/Health_1.html >
5. Lowry, Colin (1999). Medical' Marijuana Is A Dangerous Fraud. <http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/marijuana/Dangerous_fraud.pdf>      

Interest Rates

Interest rate is a rate at which interest is paid by the borrower of the money to the lender of the money. We are now interlinking the interest rate with the macroeconomics. Many of the macroeconomics experts say that the financial sector is just a curtain between the savers and the borrowers. After the finding of the top researches, it is concluded that the central bankers have the tool to control alarming situations. It was also wrapped up that the price stability and the financial stability mandates are often orthogonal.

After 1994, the central bank has become more transparent about its intentions and is deliberations. However, many central banks have reduced their attention for quantity measures like monetary and credit aggregates. As the financial institutions are the organizations to create money. They lend out their money to start a business or to make a house and then they earn money from it. All the profit depends upon the health of the bank.

Interest rates are the major determinant of investment venture on a macroeconomic extent. By changing interest rates, the government organization is able to influence the interest rates faced by everybody who desires to borrow funds for financial investment. Investment can vary rapidly in reaction to the changes in interest rates and the total productivity.

Interest rates are a part of a purposeful policy by the central banks to dishearten the savings and persuade borrowing. It has also been observed as a way of enhancing the stock market and as a result generating a wealth effect for persons, and increase confidence.  Low real interest rates are linked with low potential returns on equities while the high rates are related with high prospect returns. Interest Rates play an important role in macro course as they affect buying and consumption conclusions made by customers, firms and administrations. Yes, it could be a reducing investment.

References

Mike Moffatt, What Are Interest Rates?, about.com, retrieved from, http://economics.about.com/cs/studentresources/f/interest_rate.htm

Adolescent & Adult Brain

 It has been said that an adult’s brain is matured one while an adolescent has an immature brain. The main difference between the two is that an adult brain has. During adolescence, the brain undergoes major alterations and modifications which involves the development of new associations between the nerve cells, in addition to the pruning of the existing synaptic acquaintances. These amendments influence the procedures involved in scheduling and decision making, impulse management, voluntary progress, memory, and speech construction, amid others. (Rubia et al., 2000) The adolescent brain is at a stage of immaturity and thus lacks the power of judgement. The major difference found between the two is the amount of gray and white matter of the brain. Adults have increased amount of white matter while the adolescent brain has gray matter which have started to reduce so that the white matter can be amplified.

The brain grows up during adolescence. During this occasion, gray matter which are the areas of the brain in charge for dealing out information and accumulating memories enlarges in size, predominantly in the anterior lobe of the brain, as a consequence of a boost in the quantity of synaptic connections among nerve cells. Around the teenage years, yet, a winnowing procedure begins in which associations that are not worn or reinforced start on to dry up or wither. When the white matter is in greater quantity the power to restrain impulsiveness is increased. The adults have an increased amount of white matter while the adolescents are at the stage in which the gray matter is  pruning. (Feldman, 2012, p.266)

The most detailed verification for the maturation progressions of the brain comes from magnetic resonance imaging revisions, which emphasize the varying arrangement of gray matter of the brain and the extent of myelination in adolescents and adults. Another chief dispute advanced is that adolescents rely extra heavily on  amygdale. It is an evolving grown-up area of the brain linked with the primal impulses of violence, anger and of fear . The adults do not rely upon it as much. This proposal seems reasonable, since the pre-frontal cortex, which act together with and in effect reins in the amygdala to irritability impulsiveness and gut response with interpretation, does not fully develop until the age of early 20’s.

It is for sure that every day many cases are settled and many of them are sentenced but due to their less age they are given the small and less punishment than the adults. It is totally wrong. According to many people’s opinions the teenagers should also have a same treatment as the adults are when they commit some crime. When teenagers are given shortened sentences than they are released and after some time they began to have a happy and peaceful life. This also gives the teenagers a second chance to commit a crime. If the adolescents commit big crimes like murder or any other crime than they should definitely be considered as the adults and the courts should give the same punishments as they gave to the adults.  (Teen Ink)

If we use logic then we can see it clearly that when the young men are committing the adult crime then it is a natural phenomenon that they should also be treated as the adult. Many people are against this opinion but I think that they should be treated strictly as if they were given the chance then it is a greater risk for the society. If they were then given the chance they will have an opinion that the law is taking them as an innocent people and they will continue with their crimes.

If we discuss it in detail, then this opinion may be changed. According to the crimes, the opinion may be changed. If the teenagers have committed the crime of lower degree or small crime then they may be given the excuse. If they have not committed a big crime or a sin that do not affect the society than they can be ignored or provided relief. Like in the under discussed paragraph the Supreme court has given few statements that tell us to treat juvenile not as adults.

If we see opinions than there are many cases in which the adolescents are given the relief. The United Nation convention on the rights of the child also suggests that the juvenile should be provided relief and they should not be strictly punished. As they are immature and they don’t know the social values so often they commit crimes unintentionally. They are weak in self control that's why they are not able to take control over themselves and in a result they commit crimes. That’s why they provided relief to the young people. (International Justice Project). The adolescents are less capable of their misconduct because of their immaturity. They should be treated likewise not like as the adults. (by procon.org)

Works Cited

1.      Rubia K, Overmeyer S, Taylor E, Brammer M, Williams SCR, Simmons A, Andrew C, Bullmore ET(2000). Functional frontalization with age: Mapping neurodevelopmental trajectories with MRI. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review 24(1):13-19.

2.      Feldman ( 2012,) Physical development in adolescence.  P.266

3.       Teens Should Absolutely Be Tried as Adults When They Commit Adult Crimes. Teen Ink <http://teenink.com/opinion/social_issues_civics/article/162031/Teens-Should-Absolutely-Be-Tried-as-Adults-When-They-Commit-Adult-Crimes/>

4.      International Justice Project. <http://www.internationaljusticeproject.org/juvCSimmons.cfm>

5.      Roper v. Simmons - Death Penalty ProCon.org (2008) <http://deathpenalty.procon.org/sourcefiles/RopervSimmons.pdf>

Pathiophysiology

Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) is a disease of human immune syste. It is caused by the infection with immunodeficiency virus. The pathophysiology of HIV is highly complicated. After the virus has entered the body it undergoes several replicationnd increases the amount of infection. This rejoinder is go together with by a clear fall in the quantity of flowing CD4+ T cells. The delicate viremia is roughly always linked with commencement of CD8+ T cells, which kills HIV infected cells, and then with the production of antibodies. The CD8+ T cell reply is believed to be an important step in controlling the virus, which hit the highest point and then turn down because the CD4+ T cell counts get well. A high-quality CD8+ T cell reaction has been associated to slower disease succession and a better prediction, though it does not eradicate the virus.

Inflammatory bowel disease is achronic and disabilind disease with unknown etiology. There is a controversy in the physiology factors of IBD. IBD is a group of chronic gastrointestinal tract diseases that are degenerating and remitting. This disease has been increasing since the last decade. The approximate rate is 120 to 200 per 100000. Almost 75% of the people believe that their own personality is a major distribution of their disease while 90% thinks that it influences their disease activity.(1997)

Threat of HIV danger is alleged as persistence and the avoidance standard of condom usage on each sexual time is supposed as a high level of behavioral pledge, stress became an inspiring force that guides HIV-negative men to hold a safer sex. Several put ups related to maladaptive responses to HIV risks have been studied; HAART- hopeful attitudes to HIV disease, fatigue with safe sex and avoidance messages, and philosophical beliefs about supporting preventive actions.(The Free Library)

Stress is a generating and aggravating factor in relative to the course and signs of IBD. Psychological anxiety can boost intestinal permeability, possibly as result of changes in the cholinergic nervous system.Once IBD expands the randomness, ambiguity, and chronic course of the illness can cause a broad range of psychological & interpersonal worries to patients. These comprises of loss of power of the bowel, exhaustion, injury of body image, a fear of sexual insufficiency, social segregation of dependency, a fear about not accomplishing to one’s full possibility, and reacting dirty.(2012)

References

Giuseppe Pantaleo, James F. Demarest,  Timothy Schacker, Mauro  Vaccarezza, Oren J. Cohen, Marybeth Daucher, Cecilia Graziosi, Steven S. Schnitman, Thomas C. Quinn, George M. Shaw, Luc Perrin, Giuseppe Tambussi, Adriano Lazzarin, Rafick P. Sekaly, Hugo Soudeyns, Lawrence Corey &  Anthony S. Fauci (1997), The qualitative nature of the primary immune response to HIV infection is a prognosticator of disease progression independent of the initial level of plasmaviremia, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Assessing maladaptive responses to the stress of being at risk of HIV infection among HIV-negative gay men in New York City, The Free Library, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Assessing+maladaptive+responses+to+the+stress+of+being+at+risk+of+HIV...-a0249309788

M. S. Sajadinejad, K. Asgari, H. Molavi, M. Kalantari, and P. Adibi (2012), Psychological Issues in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Overview, Hindawi Publication Corporation,retrieved from, http://www.hindawi.com/journals/grp/2012/106502/